Suitability and Efficacy of the Optivance Mummy Smoothie for Preconception and Pregnant Women

Abstract

Nutritional needs during pregnancy increase significantly to support both maternal and foetal development. The Optivance Mummy Smoothie for Preconception and Pregnancy is designed to meet these elevated nutritional demands by providing essential macronutrients, vitamins, minerals, and omega-3 fatty acids. This review evaluates the suitability and efficacy of the smoothie’s ingredients, focusing on their bioavailability and alignment with recommended dietary allowances (RDA) for pregnant women. Key ingredients such as folate, other B group vitamins, iodine and vitamin D meet or exceed RDA levels. Other important ingredients are included at levels less that the RDAs to allow for the remainder to be met through diet or additional supplementation. The overall formulation effectively supports maternal and foetal health, growth and development.

Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) Regulatory Status

When prepared as directed, this product complies with Standard 2.9.5 Food for Special Medical Purposes.

Introduction

Pregnancy requires an increase in both macronutrient and micronutrient intake to support the growing fetus and maintain maternal health. Without adequate nutrition, complications such as low birth weight, preterm birth, and developmental delays may arise. The Optivance Mummy Smoothie for Preconception and Pregnancy is formulated to meet these heightened nutritional needs. This review assesses the bioavailability and efficacy of its ingredients, comparing them to the RDAs for pregnant women and examining their impact on maternal and foetal health.

Macronutrient Composition

2.1 Protein (15.1g per serving)

Importance: Protein is essential for foetal growth, maternal tissue development, and enzyme and hormone production.

• RDA: 60g/day (1.00g/kg)
• Amount in smoothie: 15.1g (~25% of RDA)
• Source: Whey protein concentrate
• Efficacy: Protein is crucial during pregnancy, supporting muscle repair, tissue growth,

and the development of foetal organs. Whey protein, a complete protein source containing all essential amino acids, is rapidly absorbed and well-suited to meet the demands of pregnancy (Gorissen & Witard, 2018; Tang et al., 2009). 

Discussion: The smoothie provides 15.1g of protein per serving, which is approximately 25% of the RDA for pregnant women. This makes it a valuable contribution to the daily protein requirement, though it should be paired with additional dietary sources of protein, such as meat, dairy, or plant-based options. The high bioavailability of whey protein ensures that the body can effectively utilize the protein for foetal and maternal tissue development.

2.2 Hydrolysed Collagen (4.0g per serve)

Importance: Collagen plays a key role in maintaining skin elasticity, joint health, and supporting connective tissues, which can be particularly important during pregnancy as the body undergoes significant physiological changes.

• RDA: There is no established Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) for collagen, but studies suggest benefits with an intake of 2.5-15g per day (Zdzieblik et al., 2015; Clark et al., 2008).
• Amount in Smoothie: 4.0g of hydrolysed collagen per serve.
• Source: Hydrolysed collagen from bovine sources. Hydrolysed collagen is broken down into smaller peptides, making it more easily absorbed by the body.
• Efficacy: Hydrolysed collagen has been shown to support skin elasticity, joint health, and bone density. During pregnancy, collagen may aid in maintaining skin integrity, reducing the risk of stretch marks, and supporting joint flexibility due to weight gain and increased pressure on joints (Moskowitz, 2000; Zdzieblik et al., 2015). Collagen may also support bone health, which is essential for both the mother and the developing fetus, as calcium demands increase during pregnancy.

Discussion: The inclusion of 4.0g of hydrolysed collagen in the smoothie provides a substantial amount that falls within the range suggested by research for joint and skin health. The hydrolysed form ensures that the collagen is easily absorbed, and its inclusion may be particularly beneficial for pregnant women who experience joint discomfort or are concerned with maintaining skin elasticity. However, it should be noted that additional sources of collagen or foods rich in amino acids like glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline may further support these physiological needs.

2.3 Fats (8.7g Total Fat, 200mg DHA-Omega-3 Fatty Acids)

Importance: Fats, especially DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), are vital for foetal brain, eye, and nervous system development. The Omega-3 DHA uses CSIRO developed and Nu-Mega licensed Microencapsulation technology which protects these oils from oxidation, ensuring optimal standards of load delivery, purity, stability and performance. The microencapsulation technology can achieve very high oil loadings of up to 60%, enabling much higher fortification rates while maintaining excellent sensory outcomes and shelf life.

• RDA: 200-300mg DHA/day
• Amount in smoothie: 200mg DHA
• Source: Algal DHA (suitable for vegetarians)
• Efficacy: DHA plays a critical role in neurodevelopment, with supplementation linked to improved cognitive function and reduced risk of preterm birth (Makrides et al., 2010;Carlson et al., 2013).

Discussion: The inclusion of 200mg of DHA in the smoothie meets the minimum recommended daily intake for pregnant women. DHA supplementation is essential for foetal brain development, especially in the third trimester when rapid brain growth occurs. The use of algal DHA makes the product accessible for vegetarians and ensures a contaminant-free source of omega-3s, unlike some fish oils that may contain mercury or other pollutants. However, women on the lower end of DHA intake may benefit from additional dietary sources, such as fatty fish or DHA supplements.

2.4 Carbohydrates 12.8g per serve - 11.7g Sugar (Lactose) per serve

Importance: Almost all of the carbohydrate contained in the smoothie is lactose. There are no added sugars such as sucrose. Sugars, particularly lactose, serve as a primary source of energy for both the mother and the developing fetus. Lactose, the sugar found in milk, is broken down into glucose and galactose, which are vital for providing energy to maternal tissues and supporting foetal development, especially brain and nervous system growth (NHMRC, 2017).

• RDA: While there is no specific RDA for lactose, the Australian Dietary Guidelines (NHMRC, 2013) suggest that free sugars, including added sugars, should contribute less than 10% of total energy intake, with a strong emphasis on consuming naturally occurring sugars like lactose found in dairy products.
• Amount in smoothie: 11.7g (~4.5% of a 836 kJ diet)
• Source: Whey protein concentrate, containing lactose as a natural milk sugar
• Efficacy: Lactose is efficiently broken down into simple sugars in the body and is absorbed to meet energy demands. As an easily digestible carbohydrate, lactose can be a good energy source during pregnancy (Leigh & Horst, 2009). Additionally, lactose promotes calcium absorption, which is crucial for foetal bone development (Zhang et al.,2020).

Discussion: The smoothie provides 11.7g of sugars in the form of lactose per serving, which contributes to approximately 4.5% of the daily caloric intake on a 2000-calorie diet, staying well within the Australian Dietary Guidelines. Lactose, as a naturally occurring sugar in whey protein concentrate, is beneficial in preconception and pregnancy because it not only serves as an energy source, but also aids in calcium absorption, which is crucial for both the mother and the fetus. However, since lactose intolerance is common in some populations, individuals who are lactose intolerant may need alternative options or lactase supplements to avoid gastrointestinal discomfort (Shaukat et al., 2010).

2.5 Dietary Fibre (Partially Hydrolysed Guar Gum 4.3g per serve)

Importance: Dietary fibre is crucial for maintaining digestive health, regulating blood sugar levels, and promoting satiety. During pregnancy, fibre intake can help manage common issues such as constipation and gestational diabetes.

• RDA: 28g/day of total dietary fibre for pregnant women (Institute of Medicine, 2005).
• Amount in Smoothie: 4.3g of partially hydrolysed guar gum (PHGG) per serve.
• Source: Partially hydrolysed guar gum (PHGG) is derived from guar beans and is a water-soluble dietary fibre. It acts as a prebiotic, promoting the growth of beneficial gut bacteria and maintaining a healthy gut microbiome.
• Efficacy: PHGG has been shown to improve bowel regularity and alleviate symptoms of constipation, a common concern during pregnancy (Slavin, 2013). Moreover, fibre supplementation, particularly with soluble fibres like PHGG, has been linked to improved glycemic control, which is beneficial in managing and preventing gestational diabetes (Kumar et al., 2012). Prebiotic fibres like PHGG may also support maternal gut health by promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria, which has been associated with enhanced immune function and mood regulation during pregnancy (Ouwehand et al., 2009).

Discussion: Including 4.3g of PHGG in the smoothie offers a good source of dietary fibre, helping to address constipation and blood sugar regulation, both common concerns during pregnancy. Given its prebiotic properties, PHGG can support gut health, promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria, which may contribute to overall digestive health and well-being. However, pregnant women should complement this with other fibre-rich foods, such as fruits, vegetables,and whole grains, to meet the recommended daily intake of 28g of dietary fibre.

3. Micronutrient Composition

3.1 Folate (600µg as Calcium L-Methyl folate)

Importance: Folate is essential for preventing neural tube defects (NTDs) in the developing fetus.

• RDA: 600µg/day (CDC, WHO)
• Amount in smoothie: 600µg (100% of RDA)
• Source: L-methyl folate (bioavailable form)
• Efficacy: L-methyl folate is more effective than folic acid for women with MTHFR gene mutations that impair folate metabolism, making it particularly beneficial for reducing the risk of birth defects such as spina bifida (Scaglione & Panzavolta, 2014; Crider et al.,2011).

Discussion: The smoothie delivers 100% of the recommended folate intake for preconception and pregnant women in the form of L-methyl folate, which is highly bioavailable and beneficial for those who cannot metabolize synthetic folic acid efficiently. This ensures that all women, including those with genetic variations affecting folate metabolism, receive the necessary protection against neural tube defects. Folate supplementation is critical in early pregnancy, underscoring the smoothie’s value as a preconception supplement.

3.2 Iron (13.5mg as Ferric Pyrophosphate)

Importance: Iron supports increased blood volume and oxygen transport during pregnancy.

• RDA: 27mg/day (NIH, 2022)
• Amount in smoothie: 13.5mg (50% of RDA)
• Source: Ferric Pyrophosphate (highly absorbable form)
• Efficacy: Ferric Pyrophosphate is well-tolerated, with fewer gastrointestinal side effects than other forms of iron, such as ferrous sulfate. It effectively raises iron stores, reducing the risk of maternal anemia promoting better maternal and foetal outcomes (Srivastav et al., 2024: Conrad et al., 2018).

Discussion: The smoothie provides 50% of the daily iron requirement, making it a valuable source of this essential mineral. Iron deficiency during pregnancy can lead to anemia, preterm birth, and low birth weight. The form of iron used in the smoothie (Ferric Pyrophosphate) is highly bioavailable and gentle on the digestive system, making it suitable for pregnant women who may experience nausea or constipation with other forms of iron. However, women with high iron demands may need additional sources of iron from foods like red meat or iron supplements.

3.3 Calcium (361mg as Calcium Phosphate)

Importance: Calcium is crucial for foetal bone development and maternal bone health.

• RDA: 1000mg/day (WHO),
• Amount in smoothie: 361mg (~36% of RDA)
• Source: Calcium phosphate
• Efficacy: Calcium supplementation during pregnancy supports foetal skeletaldevelopment and reduces the risk of preeclampsia (Hofmeyr et al., 2014).

Discussion: The smoothie provides 36% of the daily calcium requirement, helping to support the increased calcium demands of pregnancy. Adequate calcium intake is crucial for preventing the depletion of maternal calcium stores and promoting fetal bone formation. Calcium phosphate is a well-absorbed form, though additional dietary sources of calcium (such as dairy products or fortified plant-based alternatives) are necessary to meet the full RDA.

3.4 Vitamin D (10µg as Cholecalciferol)

Importance: Vitamin D enhances calcium absorption and supports immune function.

• RDA: 5µg/day (200 IU)
• Amount in smoothie: 10µg (400 IU) (200% of RDA)
• Source: Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)
• Efficacy: Cholecalciferol supports foetal bone development and reduces the risk of gestational complications, including preeclampsia and gestational diabetes (Holick, 2006; Bodnar et al., 2015).

Discussion: The smoothie provides 200% of the daily vitamin D requirement. Vitamin D is essential for calcium absorption, and deficiency can lead to skeletal issues such as rickets in newborns and osteomalacia in mothers. The smoothie exceeds the recommended dietary intake, and this is particularly important in instances where low levels of sun exposure for women, particularly in regions with limited sunlight, can result in low baseline vitamin D levels.

3.5 Magnesium (115mg as Magnesium Citrate)

Importance: Magnesium is important for enzyme function, energy generation, muscle relaxation and preventing preterm labor.

• RDA: 350-400mg/day (NIH, 2022)
• Amount in smoothie: 115mg (~33% of RDA)
• Source: Magnesium citrate
• Efficacy: Magnesium citrate is a bioavailable form of magnesium that has been shown to reduce the risk of preeclampsia and support muscle and nerve function (James et al., 2014; Makrides et al., 2010).

Discussion: The smoothie provides one-third of the daily magnesium requirement, which is critical during pregnancy for preventing complications such as preterm labor and muscle cramps. However, additional dietary sources or supplementation may be necessary to meet the full RDA, especially for women prone to muscle tension or those at risk for preeclampsia.

3.6 Zinc (9.1mg as Zinc Sulphate)

Importance: Zinc is vital for DNA synthesis, immune function, and foetal growth.

• RDA: 11mg/day (NIH, 2022)
• Amount in smoothie: 9.1mg (~83% of RDA)
• Source: Zinc sulfate
• Efficacy: Zinc is essential for cellular growth, immune function, and foetal development. Zinc sulfate is a highly absorbable form, and zinc deficiency has been linked to complications such as preterm birth and impaired immune function in both mother and foetus (King, 2000; Mackenzie et al., 2007).

Discussion: The smoothie provides 83% of the daily zinc requirement, making it an effective supplement for maintaining proper immune function and supporting foetal growth during pregnancy. Zinc plays a key role in DNA synthesis and cellular repair, which are essential for rapid foetal development. Pregnant women should ensure they reach their full RDA through a combination of supplementation and zinc-rich foods like nuts, seeds, and meat.

3.7 Selenium (48µg as Sodium Selenite)

Importance: Selenium is important for thyroid function and acts as an antioxidant, protecting cells from oxidative stress.

• RDA: 65µg/day
• Amount in smoothie: 48µg (~74% of RDA)
• Source: Sodium selenite
• Efficacy: Selenium plays a crucial role in thyroid hormone production, which is essential for regulating metabolism and supporting foetal brain development. It also acts as an antioxidant, reducing oxidative stress and preventing pregnancy complications related to thyroid dysfunction (Rayman, 2012).

Discussion: The smoothie provides 74% of the recommended selenium intake, helping to support maternal thyroid function and protect against oxidative stress. Selenium is particularly important for pregnant women at risk of thyroid-related disorders, such as hypothyroidism, which can impact foetal growth. Additional dietary selenium from sources like Brazil nuts, eggs, or fish can help meet the full RDA.

3.8 Iodine (220µg as Potassium Iodide)

Importance: Iodine is essential for thyroid hormone production, which regulates metabolic rate and protein synthesis and growth and brain development in the fetus.

• RDA: 220-250µg/day (WHO)
• Amount in smoothie: 220µg (100% of RDA)
• Source: Potassium iodide
• Efficacy: Iodine is critical for foetal brain development and thyroid function. Adequate iodine intake helps prevent intellectual disabilities and developmental delays in children (Zimmermann, 2009).

Discussion: The smoothie provides 100% of the recommended daily iodine intake, making it an excellent source of this critical nutrient. Iodine deficiency is a leading cause of preventable cognitive impairments, and supplementation is especially important in areas where iodine is not adequately supplied through the diet (e.g., non-iodized salt regions). The use of potassium iodide ensures that pregnant women can meet their iodine needs without relying solely on dietary sources.

3.9 Choline (7mg as Choline Bitartrate)

Importance: Choline is important for foetal brain development, placental function, and preventing neural tube defects.

• RDA: 450mg/day (NIH, 2022)
• Amount in smoothie: 7mg (~2% of RDA)
• Source: Choline bitartrate
• Efficacy: Choline is critical for foetal brain development, particularly in the third trimester when neural tube formation occurs. It also supports placental function and may reduce the risk of neural tube defects (Zeisel, 2006; Caudill et al., 2018).

Discussion: The smoothie provides only 2% of the daily recommended choline intake, which is significantly below the RDA. Choline is essential for brain development and the formation of the neural tube in the fetus, making it a crucial nutrient during pregnancy. Women consuming the smoothie should include choline-rich foods such as eggs, meat, and poultry in their diet to meet the daily choline requirement. Additional supplementation may also be necessary for thoseunable to achieve adequate intake through diet alone.

3.10 Vitamin A (56µg RE as Beta-Carotene)

Importance: Vitamin A is essential for foetal eye development, immune function, and cell differentiation.

• RDA: 750-770µg/day (NIH, 2022)
• Amount in smoothie: 56µg (~7% of RDA)
• Source: Beta-carotene
• Efficacy: Beta-carotene is a provitamin A carotenoid that is converted into active vitamin A in the body. It provides a safer source of vitamin A, as the body converts only as much beta-carotene as needed, reducing the risk of toxicity (Christian & West, 1998). Vitamin A is vital for foetal vision and immune development, and adequate intake helps prevent complications such as night blindness and immune dysfunction in both the mother and the fetus (Christian, 2002; West, 2002).

Discussion: Beta-carotene is a safe and effective source of vitamin A for pregnant women, as it allows the body to regulate its conversion into retinol, reducing the risk of teratogenic effects associated with excessive intake of preformed vitamin A (retinol). The smoothie provides 56µg of vitamin A as beta-carotene, which is about 7% of the RDA. While this contributes to the daily requirement, pregnant women should consume additional beta-carotene-rich foods, such as carrots, sweet potatoes, and leafy greens, to meet the full RDA. Beta-carotene supplementation is particularly useful for ensuring a steady supply of vitamin A without the risk of overdose, making it a preferred source during pregnancy (Christian & West, 1998; Allen & Haskell, 2002).

3.11 B-Vitamins (B1, B2, B3, B6, B12, and Pantothenic Acid)

Importance: B-vitamins are critical for energy metabolism, neurological development, and red blood cell formation.

• Amounts in smoothie:

○ B1 (Thiamin): 1.4mg (100% of RDA)

○ B2 (Riboflavin): 1.4mg (100% of RDA)

○ B3 (Niacin): 18mg (100% of RDA)

○ B6 (Pyridoxine): 1.9mg (100% of RDA)

○ B12 (Cyanocobalamin): 2.6µg (100% of RDA)

○ Pantothenic Acid: 5mg (100% of RDA)

• Efficacy: These B-vitamins are involved in energy production, protein metabolism, and neurological development. Each of these vitamins plays an important role in ensuring a healthy pregnancy and preventing deficiencies that could lead to complications such as anaemia, fatigue, or neurological impairments (Allen, 2008; Cikot et al., 2001).

Discussion: The smoothie provides 100% of the daily recommended intake for several key B-vitamins. These vitamins are essential for maternal energy metabolism and foetal neurological development. Vitamin B6, in particular, is known for its role in reducing nausea and vomiting during pregnancy (Vutyavanich et al., 1995). Given the importance of B-vitamins in cellular energy production and red blood cell formation, the smoothie ensures that pregnant women receive an adequate intake of these critical nutrients. However, women with higher nutritional needs may benefit from additional dietary sources of B-vitamins, such as whole grains, meat, and leafy greens.

3.12 Vitamin C (60mg as Ascorbic Acid)

Importance: Vitamin C acts as an antioxidant, supports immune function, and enhances the absorption of iron.

• RDA: 60mg/day
• Amount in smoothie: 60mg (100% of RDA)
• Source: Ascorbic acid
• Efficacy: Vitamin C improves immune response, helps the body absorb non-heme iron, and supports healthy skin and connective tissue development (Gohil et al., 2017). Adequate intake during pregnancy can also reduce the risk of preeclampsia.

Discussion: The smoothie provides 100% of the daily vitamin C requirement. Vitamin C is particularly important during pregnancy to support immune function and increase iron absorption, which can prevent iron-deficiency anaemia. The smoothie provides the required RDA of Vitamin C, but pregnant women may still wish to consume additional dietary sources of vitamin C, such as citrus fruits, strawberries, leafy green vegetables and capsicum, to further meet their needs.

3.13 Vitamin E (4mg α-TE as dl-Alpha Tocopherol)

Importance: Vitamin E protects cells from oxidative stress and supports immune function.

• RDA: 7mg α-TE/day
• Amount in smoothie: 4mg α-TE (57% of RDA)
• Source: dl-Alpha Tocopherol
• Efficacy: Vitamin E acts as an antioxidant, protecting cells from oxidative damage and supporting immune health. Adequate vitamin E intake may reduce the risk of preterm birth and preeclampsia (Poston et al., 2006).

Discussion: The smoothie provides 57% of the daily recommended intake of vitamin E, making it a significant source of this antioxidant nutrient. Vitamin E helps protect cells from oxidative damage, which is particularly important during pregnancy due to increased oxidative stress. However, women will need additional sources of vitamin E from their diet (e.g., nuts, seeds, and vegetable oils) to meet the full RDA.

3.14 Lutein (250µg)

Importance: Lutein supports foetal eye and brain development.

• RDA: No established RDA, but commonly included in prenatal supplements for eye health
• Amount in smoothie: 250µg
• Source: Lutein is important for foetal eye and brain development. Research indicates that maternal lutein supplementation during pregnancy can enhance foetal retinal development and support cognitive function (Vishwanathan et al., 2014).

Discussion: Although there is no established RDA for lutein, its inclusion in the smoothie at 250µg per serving aligns with the growing recognition of its role in foetal visual and brain development. Lutein, found naturally in dark leafy greens and eggs, helps protect the retina from oxidative damage and supports neural development. While the smoothie provides a modest amount of lutein, pregnant women are encouraged to consume additional lutein-rich foods to ensure optimal levels.

Additional Ingredients, allergens, use and storage

4.1 Probiotics (3 billion CFU)

Importance: Probiotics support gut health, immune function, and may reduce gastrointestinal discomfort, such as constipation, during pregnancy.

• Amount in smoothie: 3 billion CFU (colony-forming units) of Bifidobacteriumanimalis, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus

• Efficacy: Probiotic supplementation during pregnancy has been shown to promote digestive health, balance gut microbiota, and reduce gastrointestinal issues common during pregnancy, such as constipation and bloating. Probiotics may also lower the risk of gestational diabetes and preeclampsia (Reid et al., 2001).

Discussion: The inclusion of 3 billion CFU of probiotics in the smoothie is a beneficial addition for supporting maternal gut health and immune function. These specific strains—Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus—are known for their ability to enhance gut flora balance, which is crucial during pregnancy when gastrointestinal discomfort is common. The probiotics in the smoothie may help alleviate common pregnancy-related issues such as bloating and constipation while potentially reducing the risk of more severe complications, including gestational diabetes. Although the dosage of 3 billion CFU is adequate for daily maintenance, pregnant women with specific gastrointestinal concerns may benefit from higher doses of probiotics or additional supplementation.

4.2 Allergen Information

• Contains Milk and Soy
• Gluten Free

4.3 Directions for Use and Storage

Add 1 x 45g sachet of nutritional powder to 250mL water or milk. An additional cup of desired fruits or vegetables may also be added to enhance nutritional composition and enjoyment. Shake or blend until completely dissolved. Consume immediately.Sachets to be stored unopened in a cool and dry atmosphere, ideally less than 25°C.

Discussion and Conclusions

5.1 Suitability and Efficacy for Preconception and Pregnant Women

The Optivance Mummy Smoothie is an effective supplement for preconception and pregnant women, providing a well-balanced combination of macronutrients, vitamins, minerals, and probiotics. Key nutrients such as DHA, folate, other B group vitamins, iodine, iron, calcium, vitamin C and vitamin D are present in bioavailable forms and at levels that meet or complement daily recommended intakes. The bioavailable forms of nutrients, such as L- methyl folate and Ferric Pyrophosphate, and the use of advanced microencapsulation technology for DHA to deliver higher oil loading, enhance the product’s effectiveness, ensuring better absorption, efficacy and tolerance. These nutrients play a critical role in supporting maternal health and promoting healthy foetal development.

While most essential nutrients are provided in adequate or near-adequate amounts, certain components are present at levels that require additional supplementation through diet or supplements, and ideally in consultation with a health professional. These include Choline, Magnesium, Selenium, Calcium, Vitamin A, Vitamin E and iron. Choline and magnesium, for example, are both essential for foetal brain development and maternal muscle function and included in the smoothie at levels below the RDA. Choline is important for preventing neural tube defects and ensuring healthy brain development in the fetus and it is suggested that pregnant women consuming the smoothie will need to obtain the majority of their choline from other dietary sources such as beef, chicken, eggs, fish, pork, nuts, and legumes or supplements. Similarly, the magnesium content (115mg) covers one-third of the daily requirement, indicating the need for additional magnesium intake from diet (including nuts, seeds and leafy green vegetables) or supplements.

The levels of iron are included at 50% RDA as evidence suggests that nausea, morning sickness, gastrointestinal problems (stomach cramps, constipation and diarrhoea) in many pregnant women is exacerbated with higher iron consumption. Additional iron to achieve higher RDAs can be consumed through diet and supplementation, and this can be determined in conjunction with a health professional, particularly after the results of blood test are known.

Overall, the smoothie is a beneficial addition to a preconception and pregnant woman’s diet, particularly for meeting critical nutrient needs, however, it should be consumed in conjunction with a well-rounded prenatal nutrition plan to ensure that all essential nutrients are obtained in sufficient quantities.

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